For the nearly 50,000 residents of Rapu-Rapu, Albay and the adjoining municipality of Prieto Diaz, Sorsogon, fishing has been the primary livelihood for generations. The fish that they catch from Lagonoy Gulf and Albay Gulf is not just their staple food supply, it is also a main source of income for the communities, no matter how modest. Twelve out of thirteen barangays on Rapu-Rapu are fishing communities, while Priteo Diaz’s people survive on marine, aquaculture and industrial production. Rapu-Rapu and Prieto Diaz are also among the poorest municipalities in the country and government services are generally hard to come by.

For the nearly 50,000 residents of Rapu-Rapu, Albay and the adjoining municipality of Prieto Diaz, Sorsogon, fishing has been the primary livelihood for generations. The fish that they catch from Lagonoy Gulf and Albay Gulf is not just their staple food supply, it is also a main source of income for the communities, no matter how modest. Twelve out of thirteen barangays on Rapu-Rapu are fishing communities, while Priteo Diaz’s people survive on marine, aquaculture and industrial production. Rapu-Rapu and Prieto Diaz are also among the poorest municipalities in the country and government services are generally hard to come by.

But their simple lives were abruptly disrupted when Australian mining firm Lafayette NL started its Rapu-Rapu Polymetallic Mining Project in mid-2005. Mining and quarrying had not been alien to Rapu-Rapu as the community had already hosted several mining operations over seven decades starting in the 1930s, though they had never become major industries. But it was the arrival of Lafayette that really brought to the fore the destructive effects of large-scale mining and showed how the Arroyo administration is eager to open the country’s natural resources to exploitation by big mining transnational corporations.

A ‘new, responsible’ mining industry?

The Arroyo administration has been aggressively promoting mining as an area for foreign investments. Thus, the Rapu-Rapu Polymetallic Mining Project held much promise, for it represented for the government the flagship of a ‘new, responsible’ mining industry. Lafayette had been one of the first foreign mining companies to invest in the Philippines following a Supreme Court decision upholding a provision in the 1995 Mining Act allowing 100% foreign ownership of mining projects in the country. The Project is expected to yield some 50,000 ounces of gold, 60,000 ounces of silver, 10,000 metric tons of copper concentrate and 14,000 metric tons of zinc concentrate a year.

Lafayette’s mining claim in the municipality of Rapu-Rapu is 42 square kilometers or roughly 80% of the island’s total land area. The current operation is focused on mining the “Ungay Malobago” deposit located in Barangays Malobago, Pagcolbon and Binosawan using the open pit method. The gold-rich ore is treated in a cyanide-in-leach plant adjacent to the 18-hectare pit while the rest of the ore, which yields copper and zinc, is treated in a separate floatation plant.

But what lay behind this project was blackmail and deceit, as the project proponents allegedly resorted to questionable tactics in its implementation. For example, the Office of the President issued Proclamation 625, which declared the mining area a special economic zone upon petition of Lafayette Philippines, Inc. Lafayette under this status was entitled to a six- to eight-year income tax holiday andexemption from paying value-added taxes because extracted metals are exported with minimal processing. However, it was later alleged that Lafayette country manager Roderick Watt, in a letter to President Arroyo, threatened to withhold $55 million in capitalinvestments from Lafayette Ltd. and the LG Group of Korea if they were not granted special economic zone status.

There were also irregularities in acquiring the consent of local communities to the project.  According to residents, although community organizers had arranged meetings at the three barangays nearest the mining site, only the benefits of the mine to the community were discussed. Villagers said they were never informed of the environmental effects of mining an ecologically sensitive island eco-system such as Rapu-Rapu. Tinopan residents even recall watching a film in which Lafayette organizers discussed “responsible” mining and promised them that the ores would not  be processed on the island. A certain Engineer Palomaria also told theresidents that their barangays could even become cities in the near future. To further bolster the acceptability of the project, residents were also promised free electricity and medical servicest which the national and local governments had failed to provide for them.

But the residents of Prieto Diaz were never consulted on the project despite being the nearest municipality from Rapu-Rapu and sharing a major fishing ground. It was on Oct. 2005 when residents learned that there had been not one, but two, cyanide tailings spills from the mining site in Barangay Pagcolbon. Reports said that the first spill was due to a failed pump at the mine, causing an overflow of cyanide-laden spills into nearby creeks. Three weeks later, a heavy six-hour rain resulted in the tailings pond overflowing into the nearby Ungay and Hollowstone creeks. Both incidents resulted in fish kills, although it was reported that these accounted for only a few kilograms.

Mining advocates such as the Philippine Chamber of Mines and the government Mines and Geosciences Bureau sought to downplay the spills, claiming that the amount of tailings released were relatively small and calling the incident “a drop in the ocean”. But a government-convened Fact-Finding Commission on Rapu-Rapu assailed the gross negligence of Lafayette and even went so far as to call for a suspension of mining activities in the country, a call that PresidentGloria Macapagal-Arroyo rejected.

‘Sino ang nakahuli’ (Who caught it?)

Sixty percent of the households in both Rapu-Rapu and theneighboring Prieto Diaz depend on fishing as a primary livelihood.Majority of these families engagein artisanal, or small-scale and subsistence, fishing. After thetailings spills, many fishermen interviewed by IBON Features asserted that their catch declined. One resident even asserted that where before, fishermen would ask ‘ilan ang nakahuli’ (how many were able to catch fish), now they ask ‘sino ang nakahuli’ (Who was able to catch fish).

Fishermen from Barangay Binosawan asserted that before the mining operation, their boat of three to four crew members used to catch around 70 pieces of blue marlins a year. Last 2005 and 2006, they averaged 20 pieces. In neighboring Barangay Brillante, fishermen said a boat used to average four pieces of fish per trip. Now they consider themselves fortunate if they go home with two pieces. There are even times when they can go for a week without catching a single fish.

These fishermen are now reducing the number of days they go out to sea. From six or seven days a week, they now go out to fish for only three or four days. Their reasoning is that they would only waste money spent on fuel just to catch enough fish for a day’s viand. Some fishermen have even opted to work as ‘padyak’ (pedicab) drivers, carpenters or to work otherodd jobs just to make ends meet.

But even fish vendors found themselves indirectly affected bythe tailings spills. A fish dealer from Barangay Tinopan said that her regular buyers in Legazpi started to become wary of buying fish caught near Rapu-Rapu, resulting in her buying price falling by as much as 60% while her selling price fell by half.

Even those engaged in the small-scale agriculture that accounts forthe other major source of livelihood in the municipalities were not exempt from the negative effects of the spills. Farmers noted a marked decrease in water supply after Lafayette started its operations, resulting in a mini-water war in Barangay Poblacion. It should be noted that Rapu-Rapu is a small island with a limited supply of freshwater, and this would be further diverted to support Lafayette’s operations.

Water supply for domestic needs has also noticeably gone down. Malobago residents said they have difficulty sourcing water for drinking and washing. They are also afraid of drinking the water that comes from the taps, fearing cyanide contamination. A community leader remarked, "Aang cyanide ba o iyong ibang kemikal nadadaan sa kulo?(Can cyanide or other chemicals be removed by boiling?)"

In Barangays Binosawan and Tinopan, coconut farmers said their trees have become stunted even if these were still young. The fruits have also become smaller and fewer, meaning decreased yields. The farmers averred that this was the first time that this happened to their source of livelihood.

The farmers further told IBON that the blasting activities of Lafayette have loosened the foundations of their lands, making them vulnerable to landslides. When typhoon Reming (international name Durian) struck the Bicol region, landslides occurred in Barangays Malobago and Tinopan, killing eleven people. Residents averred that stronger typhoons had visited Rapu-Rapu but no landslides happened until last year.

"Mabuti pang masara na ang Lafayette (It is much better if Lafayette is shut down)".’ In stark contrast to the poverty of the affected communities, wherein 60% of families are forced to live on less than P100 (US$2) a day, the Lafayette Group expects to earn US$350 million a year over the entire life of the mine. But the local government in 2005 received only P2.1 million (US$42,857) in excise tax collections from Lafayette’s gross revenues of P134.4 million. The national government also lost tax revenue from the many incentives the mining firm was granted, earning only US$8.68 million from a possible US$20.48 million.

Further, although Lafayette claimed to hire 900 residents as workers, in reality only some 300 were hired. Residents said that of this number, only 5% were regular workers (meaning that they would be employed for five years, although the projected life of the project is eight years) while the rest were hired on a contractual basis. There is no labor union and the workers are discouraged from negotiating for better pay and more benefits.

The aftermath of the spills has seen an increasing number of locals opposing Lafayette’s operations. Thus, there has also been a militarization of the area as an increasing number of soldiers and policemen were deployed to the area, plus 150 militiamen in civilian clothes. Residents reported that these military forces roam the barangays in an apparent effort to intimidate them.

The basic services promised by the Australian mining firm to the communities also did not materialize. Malobago, Tinopan and Binosawan do not have health facilities and personnel except for one or two barangay health workers. Malobago residents, however, have occasional access to the mining company’s health clinic, but only in case of emergencies.

Stop the plunder

On February 8, 2006 the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) permanently lifted the cease-and-desistorder it had earlier issued on Lafayette’s operations on Rapu-Rapu in the wake of the spills. In doing so, it went against the wishes of the residents for a stop to mining operations on the island.

The needs of Rapu-Rapu’s people are simple: they want the national and local governments to providethem with social and economic services. The local farmers want ample support for their livelihoods including genuine land reform and an efficient irrigation system.

But instead of granting them these simple wishes, the Arroyo government has instead abetted the plunder of Rapu-Rapu’s natural resources by a rapacious foreign mining company. Although Lafayette has ostensibly been turned over to Filipinos to operate, it is clear that the company is expertly exploiting loopholes in the Mining Act and the Philippines’ corporate laws in order to avoid being accountable to the people of Rapu-Rapu and Prieto Diaz.

Admittedly, mining can contribute much to the country’s economic development. But mining activities should only be done in the context of other vital considerations such as people’s welfare and the local environment. Rapu-Rapu is classified as an area with extremely high priority in terms of marine conservation. But the large-scale mining activities have damaged, perhaps mortally, its ecosystem. The acid mine drainage that is formed as a by-productof mining activities may poison the island’s soil and water resources in the long-term.

By 2013, Lafayette will have packed up and left after extracting all the minerals from Rapu-Rapu. All that will be left for the residentsis a giant pit and a damaged ecosystem, which can no longer provide for their needs. Residents and various environmental groups demand that government step in now to prevent irreversible damage to Rapu-Rapu’s fishing waters and the residents’ livelihoods, or beheld to account for its sell-out of the national patrimony at the expense of its citizens’ welfare. IBON Features (With reports by Joseph Yu)